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句子六大成分:主谓宾、定状表。
主语、宾语和表语:通常由代词或者名词构成;定语:修饰名词;状语:修饰形容词或者动词;表语:接在系动词后面。
(一).代词
人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词。
1人称代词:
第一、二、三人称,主格、宾格、所有格;
I,
you ,
he,
she,
it,
me,
you,
him,
her,
it,
my,
your,
his,
her,
its.
2物主代词:
①形容词性物主代词:
my,
your,
his,
her,
our,
their,
后面加名词。
②名词性物主代词:
mine,
yours,
his,
hers,
ours,
theirs,
后面不能加名词。
eg:
May I borrow your pen?
Mine is missing.
3反身代词:
通过反身代词指代主语,使动作发出者把动作在形式上反射到发出者本人。强调人称问题。
eg:
I myself took Mary to the airport.
I cooked it myself.
4. 指示代词:
this,
that,
these,
those
5. 不定代词:
some,
someone,
something,
any,
anyone,
anything,
no,
no one,
nothing,
all,
both,
neither,
either,
each,
every,
everybody,
everyone,
everything.
一些比较重要的不定代词之间的区别:
(1)all, each, every:
①
all和every可以指代三个或三个以上的人或物;all可以表示所有东西的总和,是一个不可分割的整体; each只能表示两个或两个以上的人,侧重个体;
②
all和every侧重整体,each侧重个体;
eg:
Every staff of the university contributed to the fund.
Two girls came, and I gave an apple to each.
(2)everyone&every one
everyone等同于everybody,all people ,指的是所有的人;
eg:
Everyone thinks they have the right to be here.
every one既可以指人,也可以指物,强调一个个体,通常用every one of ;
eg:
Every one of us has faults and shortcomings.
Every one of the films we have shown this year has been a succes.
(3)no one&none
no one 只能指人,none既可以指人,也可以指物,none后面还可以接of;
eg:
No one failed the examination.
None of the students failed the examination.
6. it 的用法
(1)指代人,通常用于口语中;
(2)书面语:
①
it 用来指代时间、距离、温度、天气等
eg:
It’s three years since I saw him.
②
it 用来前指或者后指
eg:
I’ve lost my book. Where is it?
There is no doubt about it that he was a fine teacher.
③
it 做形式主语
eg:
Is it possible to learn typewriting very quickly?
④
it 做形式宾语,通常放在谓语动词和宾语补足语(形容词)之间,真正的宾语放在宾补之后
常见动词有:
feel,
consider,
find,
believe,
make,
take,
imagine,
think,
suppose,
regard.
eg:
She thinks it no use telling me.
He has made it clear that he wouldn’t agree to the plan.
⑤
it 用于强调句,构成句型It’s…that/who…
如何区分强调句中的it和形式主语中的it?
eg:
It’s clear that they have won.
如果It’s和that去掉后,剩下的部分依然能构成完整的句子,就是强调句;否则,即为形式主语。
(二)名词
1. 可数名词
有单复数之分,若名词为单数,通常前面要加冠词a/an、the进行限定;若名词为复数,可以加上the,或者直接用复数名词,或者加上数词来进行限定。
名词的复数形式可以直接加s/es,以y 结尾的,变y 为i ,再加es,还有一些特殊形式的。
有些单数名词的形式,是集合名词,可以用作复数,如police,cattle,people,mankind等;
eg:
Several hundreds police were on duty at the demonstration yesterday.
Cattle are allowed to graze on the village common.
不可数名词:通常是物质名词或者抽象名词
2. 不可数名词:通常是物质名词或者抽象名词,其前可以不加任何东西,若有特指,可以加the.
前面可以加上单位词,进行分类:
常见单位词:
①a piece of +advice/bread/cloth/fortune/information/music/muse
②a bit of、an item of、an article of
3. 名词在翻译中遇到的问题:
(1)不可数名词和可数名词间的转换形式:
eg:
water&waters(水域、海洋),
sand&sands(沙滩),
wood&woods(树林),
goods(商品),
ash和ashes(废墟)
(2)名词表示特指时,可以加冠词
①不定冠词:a/an,通常表示一,但是不强调数目,翻译时注意;
eg:
Germany is a European country.
②定冠词:表示特定或特指
eg:
Is this the book that you are looking for?
定冠词还可以使用于一些比较独特的语言现象:如指代地球或宇宙这种独一无二的事物
the+名词:表示全部或者整体
eg:
Do you know who invented the computer?
用于乐器或专有名词前,如play the piano、the Thames
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